What is Dialysis Access Repair?

Dialysis access repair refers to procedures performed to restore or improve the function of a dialysis access site, which is a site where blood is removed and returned during hemodialysis treatment. Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately.

There are three main types of dialysis access:
Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula: This is the preferred type of access and involves surgically connecting an artery to a vein, usually in the arm. Over time, the vein becomes larger and stronger, allowing for repeated needle insertions for dialysis.

Arteriovenous (AV) Graft: In cases where the patient’s blood vessels are not suitable for a fistula, an AV graft may be created. This involves using a synthetic tube to connect an artery to a vein. The graft acts as a bridge for dialysis needle insertions.

Central Venous Catheter: This is a temporary access option that involves inserting a catheter into a large vein, usually in the neck or chest. It is used when immediate dialysis is required or when other access options are not available.

Dialysis access repair may be necessary due to complications or issues that affect the function of the access site.

Some common reasons for repair include:
Stenosis or Narrowing: Over time, the blood vessels or graft used for dialysis access may become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow. This can be treated through procedures such as angioplasty, where a balloon is used to widen the narrowed area, or stenting, where a small mesh tube is placed to keep the vessel open.

Thrombosis or Clotting: Blood clots can form within the dialysis access site, obstructing blood flow. Thrombectomy, a procedure to remove the clot, may be performed to restore blood flow.

Infection: Infections can occur at the dialysis access site, leading to inflammation and potential blockage. Treatment may involve antibiotics or, in severe cases, surgical removal of the infected tissue.

Access Dysfunction: Sometimes, the access site may not function properly due to various reasons, such as poor positioning or scarring. In such cases, surgical revision or reconstruction may be required to improve the access site.

The specific repair procedure will depend on the underlying issue and the type of access being used. It is important for patients with dialysis access to have regular check-ups and monitoring to detect any issues early and ensure the access site remains functional for effective dialysis treatment.